Omega-3

Pinnaclife® provides these reference articles as a courtesy to our current and future customers. They are available so that you can download, print and take articles of your choice to your next medical appointment, or share the Pinnaclife site address with your trained healthcare professional. They are not intended to imply a diagnosis or cure for any condition, illness or disease.

The scientific evidence presented here suggests that the use of various nutrients have the ability to reduce the risks of certain forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dementia and memory loss, lung disease, joint pain, arthritis, liver disease, obesity, and metabolic function. However, the FDA has not yet determined that this scientific evidence is conclusive. Consult your physician for additional information.

Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, and Appel LJ (2002) Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 106:2747-2757.
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Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, and Appel LJ (2003) Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: New recommendations from the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:151-152.
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Leaf A, Kang JX, Xiao YF, and Billman GE (2003) Clinical prevention of sudden cardiac death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mechanism of prevention of arrhythmias by n-3 fish oils. Circulation 107:2646-2652.
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Burns CP, Halabi S, Clamon GH, Hars V, Wagner BA, Hohl RJ, Lester E, Kirshner JJ, Vinciguerra V, and Paskett E (1999) Phase I clinical study of fish oil farry acid capsules for patients with cancer cachexia: Cancer and leukemia group B Study 9473. Clinical Cancer Research 5:3942-3947.
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Nagakura T, Matsuda S, Shichijyo K, Sugimoto H, and Hata K (2000) Dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with bronchial asthma. Eur Respir J 16:861-865.
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Friedberg CE, Heine RJ, Janssen MJEM, and Grobbee DE (1998) Fish oil and glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care 21:494-500.
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James MJ, Gibson RA, and Cleland LG (2000) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr 71(suppl):343S-8S.
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Minihane AM, Khan S, Leigh-Firbank EC, Talmud P, Wright JW, Murphy MC, Griffin BA, and Williams CM (2000) ApoE polymorphism and fish oil supplementation in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:1990-1997.
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Camuesco D, Gálvez, Nieto A, Comalada M, Rodriguez-Cabezas ME, Concha A, Xaus J, and Zarzuelo A (2005) Dietary olive oil supplemented with fish oil, rich in EPA and DHA (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, attenuates colonic inflammation in rats with DSS-induced colitis. J Nutr 135:687-694.
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Laidlaw M and Holub BJ (2003) Effects of supplementation with fish oil-derived n-3 fatty acids and γ-linolenic acid on circulating plasma lipids and fatty acid profiles in women. Am J Clin Nutr 77:37-42.
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ADHD/Hyperactivity. Food for the Brain, 2010 (accessed January 9, 2010).
http://www.foodforthebrain.org/content.asp?id_Content=1631
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Autism. Food for the Brain, 2010 (accessed January 9, 2010).
http://www.foodforthebrain.org/content.asp?id_Content=1632
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Bipolar Disorder. Food for the Brain, 2010 (accessed January 9, 2010).
http://www.foodforthebrain.org/content.asp?id_Content=1713
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Dementia/Alzheimer's. Food for the Brain, 2010 (accessed January 9, 2010).
http://www.foodforthebrain.org/content.asp?id_Content=1634
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Depression. Food for the Brain, 2010 (accessed January 9, 2010).
http://www.foodforthebrain.org/content.asp?id_Content=1635
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Dyslexia/Dyspraxia. Food for the Brain, 2010 (accessed January 9, 2010).
http://www.foodforthebrain.org/content.asp?id_Content=1636
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Schizophrenia. Food for the Brain, 2010 (accessed January 9, 2010).
http://www.foodforthebrain.org/content.asp?id_Content=1638
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Kremer JM, Lawrence DA, Jubiz W, DiGiacomo R, Rynes R, Batholomew LE, and Sherman M (1990) Dietary fish oil and olive oil supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 33:810-820.
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Min Wu, Kevin A. Harvey, Nargiz Ruzmetov, Zachary R. Welch, Laura Sech, Kim Jackson, William Stillwell, Gary P. Zaloga and Rafat A. Siddiqui (2005) Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids attenuate breast cancer growth through activation of a neutral sphingomyelinase-mediated pathway. Int. J. Cancer 117, 340?348 (2005)
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Charalambos A. Gogos, M.D., Panayiotis Ginopoulos, M.D., Bassilis Salsa, B.Sc., Euterpi Apostolidou, M.D., Nikolas C. Zoumbos, M.D., Fotis Kalfarentzos, M.D. (1998) Dietary Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids plus Vitamin E Restore Immunodeficiency and Prolong Survival for Severely Ill Patients with Generalized Malignancy. CANCER January 15, 1998 / Volume 82 / Number 2
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Isabelle M. Berquin, Younong Min, Ruping Wu, Jiansheng Wu, Donna Perry, J. Mark Cline, Mike J. Thomas, Todd Thornburg, George Kulik, Adrienne Smith, Iris J. Edwards, Ralph D'Agostino Jr., Hao Zhang, Hong Wu, Jing X. Kang, and Yong Q. Chen (2007) Modulation of prostate cancer genetic risk by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The Journal of Clinical Investigation Volume 117 - Number 7 - July 2007
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Ellen T. Chang, Katarina M. Bälter, Anna Torrång, Karin Ekström Smedby, Mads Melbye, Christer Sundström, Bengt Glimelius, and Hans-Olov Adami (2006) Nutrient Intake and Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 164, No. 12
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David P. Rose, Jeanne M. Connolly, and Melissa Coleman (1996) Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Progression of Metastases after the Surgical Excision of Human Breast Cancer Cell Solid Tumors Growing in Nude Mice. Clinical Cancer Research Vol. 2, 1751-1756, October 1996
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W. Elaine Hardman (2002) Omega-3 Fatty Acids to Augment Cancer Therapy. American Society for Nutritional Sciences.
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Bandaru S. Reddy and S. Sugie (1988) Effect of Different Levels of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids on Azoxymethaneinduced Colon Carcinogenesis in F344 Rats. CANCER RESEARCH 48, 6642-6647, December 1, 1988
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Bhagavathi A. Narayanan, Narayanan K. Narayanan, Barbara Simi, and Bandaru S. Reddy (2003) Modulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Related Proinflammatory Genes by the Omega-3 Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid in Human Colon Cancer Cells. CANCER RESEARCH 63, 972-979, March 1, 2003
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Bandaru S. Reddy, Jagan M. Patlolla, Barbara Simi, S.H. Wang, and Chinthalapally V. Rao (2005) Prevention of Colon Cancer by Low Doses of Celecoxib, a Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor, Administered in Diet Rich in ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Cancer Res 2005; 65: (17). September 1, 2005
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Lesley E.Rhodes, Hassan Shahbakhti, Richard M. Azurdia, Ralf M.W. Moison, Marie-Jose S.T. Steenwinke, Marie I. Homburg, Michael P. Dean, F. McArdle, Gerard M.J. Beijersbergen van Henegouwen, Bernd Epe and Arie A.Vink (2003) Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, on UVR-related cancer risk in humans. An assessment of early genotoxic markers. Carcinogenesis vol.24 no.5 pp.919-925, 2003
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Artemis P. Simopoulos, MD, FACN (2002) Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases. Journal of the American College of Nutrition Vol. 21, No. 6, 495-505 (2002)
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Hiroyasu Iso; Kathryn M. Rexrode; Meir J. Stampfer; et al. (2001) Intake of Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Stroke in Women. JAMA January 17, 2001 - Vol 285, No. 3
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