Eye Care

Pinnaclife® provides these reference articles as a courtesy to our current and future customers. They are available so that you can download, print and take articles of your choice to your next medical appointment, or share the Pinnaclife site address with your trained healthcare professional. They are not intended to imply a diagnosis or cure for any condition, illness or disease.

The scientific evidence presented here suggests that the use of various nutrients have the ability to reduce the risks of certain forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dementia and memory loss, lung disease, joint pain, arthritis, liver disease, obesity, and metabolic function. However, the FDA has not yet determined that this scientific evidence is conclusive. Consult your physician for additional information.

Ludmila A. Voloboueva, Jiankang Liu, Jung H. Suh, Bruce N. Ames, and Sheldon S. Miller (2005) (R)-α-Lipoic Acid Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Oxidative Damage. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, November 2005, Vol. 46, No. 11
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Keiichi Komeima, Brian S. Rogers, Lili Lu, and Peter A. Campochiaro (2006) Antioxidants reduce cone cell death in a model of retinitis pigmentosa. PNAS July 25, 2006 - vol. 103 - no. 30
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Johanna M Seddon (2007) Multivitamin-multimineral supplements and eye disease: age-related macular degeneration and cataract. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(suppl):304S?7S.
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Johanna M. Seddon; Gary Gensler; Roy C. Milton; et al. (2004) Association Between C-Reactive Protein and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. JAMA. 2004;291(6):704-710.
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Jeffrey S. Armstrong, Mathew Whiteman, Hongyuan Yang, Dean P. Jones, and Paul Sternberg, Jr (2004) Cysteine Starvation Activates the Redox-Dependent Mitochondrial Permeability Transition in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, November 2004, Vol. 45, No. 11
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David Altshuler, Joseph J. Lo Turco, John Rush and Constance Cepko (1993) Taurine promotes the differentiation of a vertebrate retinal cell type in vitro. Development 119, 1317-1328 (1993)
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John Paul SanGiovanni, Emily Y. Chew (2005) The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 24 (2005) 87?138
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Laurence M. Rapp, Seema S. Maple, and Jung H. Choi (2000) Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Rod Outer Segment Membranes from Perifoveal and Peripheral Human Retina. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, April 2000, Vol. 41, No. 5
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Fong-Qi Lianga, Bernard F. Godley (2003) Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial DNA damage in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: a possible mechanism for RPE aging and age-related macular degeneration. Experimental Eye Research 76 (2003) 397?403
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Parul Christian, Keith P. West, Jr., Subarna K. Khatry, Joanne Katz, Steven LeClerq, Elizabeth Kimbrough Pradhan and Sharada Ram Shrestha (1998) Vitamin A or β-Carotene Supplementation Reduces but Does Not Eliminate Maternal Night Blindness in Nepal. J. Nutr. 128: 1458?1463, 1998
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Xiaoping Qi, Alfred S. Lewin, William W. Hauswirth, and John Guy (2003) Optic Neuropathy Induced by Reductions in Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, March 2003, Vol. 44, No. 3
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Jeffrey S. Armstrong, Mathew Whiteman, Hongyuan Yang, Dean P. Jones, and Paul Sternberg, Jr (2004) Cysteine Starvation Activates the Redox-Dependent Mitochondrial Permeability Transition in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, November 2004, Vol. 45, No. 11
PDF (293 KB)

John B. Lombardini (1991) Taurine: retinal function. Brain Research Reviews, 16 (1991) 151-169
PDF (4,281 KB)

JULIUS D. MILITANTE and JOHN B. LOMBARDINI (1999) Stimulatory Effect of Taurine on Calcium Ion Uptake in Rod Outer Segments of the Rat Retina Is Independent of Taurine Uptake. THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 291, No. 1
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SUSAN A. KEYS, and WILLIAM F. ZIMMERMAN (1999) Antioxidant Activity of Retinol, Glutathione, and Taurine in Bovine Photoreceptor Cell Membranes. Exp. Eye Res. (1999) 68, 693-702
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Paola Palozza and Norman I. Krinsky (1992) β-Carotene and α-Tocopherol Are Synergistic Antioxidants. ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS Vol. 297, No. 1, August 15, pp. 184-187, 1992
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F. Boëhma, R. Edgeb, D.J. McGarveyb, T.G. Truscottb (1998) β-Carotene with vitamins E and C oĦers synergistic cell protection against NO. FEBS Letters 436 (1998) 387-389
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D Max Snodderly (1995) Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins. Amer J Clin Nutr 1995:62(suppl):14485-61S.
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Catharine R. Gale, Nigel F. Hall, David I. W. Phillips, and Christopher N. Martyn (2003) Lutein and Zeaxanthin Status and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, June 2003, Vol. 44, No. 6
PDF (88 KB)